Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 PhD Student in Linguistics, Department of English Language, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Velayat University, Iranshahr, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Sadness is the most important natural emotion of human beings. The feeling of sadness is experienced throughout the private and public life of mankind. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the concept of grief by referring to the Holy Qur’an.
Methods: This study was conducted through qualitative content analysis method. From among the Qur’anic concepts relevant to sadness, which were collected from the whole Qur’an, 60 concepts were selected via targeted sampling for analysis.
Results: From the analysis of the Qur’anic concepts of sadness, six main categories including “physiology”, “psychology”, “emotion”, “spirituality”, “remedy”, and “consequences” emerged.
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be inferred that sadness in the Holy Qur’an is a multidimensional concept and various structures have been used to explain it. That is why all human beings, with respect to the high incidence of depression and sadness, have to pay more attention to this concept, and for being treated, they must accept that all things in the universe occur under God’s lordship.
Keywords
-
1. Izard CE. Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2007; 2(3):260-80. doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00044.x.
2. Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang Q. The effects of low and high levels of sadness on scope of attention: an ERP study. Front Psychol. 2018; 9:2397-2406. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02397.
3. Shirai M, Suzuki N. Is sadness only one emotion? Psychological and physiological responses to sadness induced by two different situations: “loss of someone” and “failure to achieve a goal”. Front Psychol. 2017; 8:288-298. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00288.
4. Rapp AM, Bergman RL, Piacentini J, McGuire JF. Evidence-based assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of central nervous system disease. 2016, 8: 13-29. doi: 10.4137/JCNSD.S38359.
5. Bowman C, Yamauchi T. Processing emotions in sounds: cross-domain aftereffects of vocal utterances and musical sounds. Cognition and Emotion. 2017; 31(8):1610-1626. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1255588.
6. Kovecses Z. Metaphor: a practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010.
7. McRae K, Reiman EM, Fort CL, Chen K, Lane RD. Association between trait emotional awareness and dorsal anterior cingulate activity during emotion is arousal-dependent. Neuroimage. 2008; 41(2):648-655. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.030.
8. WHO. Depression: a global crisis world mental health day. 2012. [cited 2012 October 10]. Available from URL: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/wfmh_paper_depression_wmhd_2012.pdf?ua.
9. Gendron M. Revisiting diversity: cultural variation reveals the constructed nature of emotion perception. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017; 17:145-150. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.014.
10. Borchardt V, Fan Y, Dietz M, Melendez AL, Bajbouj M, Gärtner M, Li M, Walter M, Grimm S, et al. Echoes of affective stimulation in brain connectivity networks. Cereb Cortex. 2018; 28(12):4365-4378. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx290.
11. Borchardt V, Fan Y, Dietz M, Melendez AL, Bajbouj M, Gartner M, Li M, Walter M, Grimm S. Echoes of affective stimulation in brain connectivity networks. Cerebral Cortex. 2017; 28(12):4365-78. -
Webster L, Mertova P. Using narrative inquiry as a research method: an introduction to using critical event narrative analysis in research on learning and teaching. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; 2007. doi:10.4324/9780203946268.
13. Glaser J, Laudel G. Life with and without coding: two methods for early-stage data analysis in qualitative research aiming at causal explanations. Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2013; 14(2):1-37. doi:10.17169/fqs-14.2.1886.
14. Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004; 24(2):105-112. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001.
15. Kovecses Z. Conceptual metaphor theory: Some criticisms and alternative proposals. Annu Rev Cognit Ling. 2008; 6(1):168-184. doi: 10.1075/arcl.6.08kov.
16. Eggers AE. Treatment of depression with deep brain stimulation works by altering in specific ways the conscious perception of the core symptoms of sadness or anhedonia, not by modulating network circuitry. Medical Hypotheses. 2014; 83(1):62-64. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.007.
17. Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang Q. The effects of low and high levels of sadness on scope of attention: an ERP study. Front
Psychol. 2018; 9:2397-2406. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02397.
18. Enjedani E, Khosrav Z, Rahmatineja P, Peyvastega M, Eftekha M, BaniJamali SS. Phenomenological investigation of sadness experience in borderline personality disorder patients. Psychological Studies. 2017; 13(1): 25-41. doi: 10.22051/PSY.2017.10473.1180. [In Persian]
19. Westlund A. Untold Sorrow. The Moral Psychology of Sadness, edited by Anna Gotlib. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2017.
20. Lynch TR, Hempel RJ, Dunkley C. Radically open-dialectical behavior therapy for disorders of over- control: signaling matters. Am J Psychother. 2015; 69(2): 141-162. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2015.69.2.141.
21. Lynch TR, Gray KL, Hempel RJ, Titley M, Chen EY, O’Mahen HA. Radically open-dialectical behavior therapy for adult anorexia nervosa: feasibility and outcomes from an inpatient program. BMC Psychiatry. 2013; 13:293. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-293.
22. Rudgar MJ. The role of religion in suffering and reducing human suffering. Ghobest. 2010; 15(56):113-140. [In Persian]
)