Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- Shahla Zamani Foroushani 1
- Tayebeh Sharifi 2
- Ahmad Ghazanfari 2
- Mohammad Reza Abedi 3
- Azam Naghavi 4
1 PhD student, Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: The first years of life are a critical period for a child due to the development of basic functions such as behavior, emotions, and motivation. The child needs an environment conducive to growth and development. This environment is built through effective parental care. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting compassion or shame in mother-child interaction.
Methods: The study was an applied one in terms of its objectives and qualitative as a grounded theory method was used for data collection. The participants were 12 mothers with 2 to 7-year-old children selected via theoretical sampling. The data were collected using in-depth and exploratory interviews with the participants. The collected data were recorded, coded, and placed into main categories. Afterward, the initial codes were identified and the categories addressing the mother-child interaction based on compassion and shame were identified using axial coding.
Results: Analysis of the qualitative data revealed that the mother-child interaction includes categories such as “parenting styles, induction of compassion, induction of shame, fear of compassion, receiving compassion from others, self-compassion, and coping styles”.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study can contribute to developing training programs for promoting compassion-based mother-child interaction, preventing the induction of shame by the mother, and improving the mother-child relationship. Counselors, psychologists, nurses, and midwives can also use the insights from this study to develop training programs for mothers.
Keywords
- Nadali H, Besharat MA, Rostami R, Bahrami Ehsan H. The effectiveness of mother-child attachment-based intervention in enhancing preschoolers’ attachment security. Dev Psychol (Journal Of Iranian Psychologists). 2016; 12(48):343-54. [In Persian].
- Pourmohammadreza Tajrishi M, Ashouri M, Afrouz GA, Arjmand Nia AA, Ghobari Bonab B. The effectiveness of positive parenting program (Triple-P) training on interaction of mother-child with intellectual disability. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2015; 16(2):128-37. [In Persian].
- Awde N. The influence of cultural values on the parent-child interaction patterns of families from an Asian background. Arecls. 2009; 6:1-17.
- Bowlby J. Loss: Sadness, and Depression. vol. 3. London: Hogarth Press; 1980.
- Gilbert P. Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2009; 15(3):199-208. doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264.
- Jazaieri H, McGonigal K, Jinpa T, Doty JR, Gross JJ, Goldin PR. A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion. 2014; 38(1):23-35. doi: 10.1007/s11031-013-9368-z.
- Gilbert P. Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features. England, UK: Routledge; 2010.
- Tangney J. Shame and guilt (Emotions and social behavior). New York, United States: The Guilford Press; 2003.
- Cherry MG, Taylor PJ, Brown SL, Rigby JW, Sellwood W. Guilt, shame and expressed emotion in carers of people with long-term mental health difficulties: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2017; 249:139-51. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.056.
- Cavalera C, Pepe A. Social emotions and cognition: Shame, guilt, and working memory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 112:457-64. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1189.
- Mills RS, Arbeau KA, Lall DI, De Jaeger AE. Parenting and child characteristics in the prediction of shame in early and middle childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 2010; 56(4):500-28. doi: 10.1353/mpq.2010.0001.
- Harrison TL. Parenting styles and self-forgiveness: Are guilt and shame mediators?.Tennessee, United States: Trevecca Nazarene University; 2012.
- Akbag M, Imamoglu SE. The prediction of gender and attachment styles on shame, guilt, and loneliness. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice. 2010; 10(2):669-82.
- Dubois Comtois K, Moss E, Cyr C, Pascuzzo K. Behavior problems in middle childhood: the predictive role of maternal distress, child attachment, and mother-child interactions. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013; 41(8):1311-24. doi: 10.1007/s10802-013-9764-6.
- Akai CE. Enhancing Parenting During Infancy: An Intervention Project for At-risk Mothers. Indiana, United States: University of Notre Dame; 2005.
- Zare H, Tahmassiyan K, Pakdaman S, Ardakani ND, Rahimi T. Observing Iranian mother-child interaction in a playing situation. Journal of Family Research. 2016; 12(45):7-25. [In Persian].
- Zare H, Tahmassian K, Pakdaman S, Davari Ardakani N, Rahimi T. Observing Iranian mother-child interaction in a playing situation. Journal of Family Research. 2016; 12(1):7-25. [In Persian].
- Shokoohi Yekta M, Akbari Zardkhaneh S, Parand A, Mahmoudi M, Mashrouti P. Effect of teaching problem solving to mothers on family processes and parenting styles. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2016; 3(1):29-40. [In Persian].
- Gillath O, Shaver PR, Mikulincer M. An attachment-theoretical approach to compassion and altruism. In P. Gilbert (Ed.). Compassion: Conceptualizations, reseaech, and use in psychotherapy. London: Brunner-Routledge; 2005. pp. 133-159.
- Liotti G, Gilbert P. Mentalizing, motivation, and social mentalities: Theoretical considerations and implications for psychotherapy. Psychol Psychother. 2011; 84(1):9-25; discussion 98-110. doi: 10.1348/147608310X520094.
- Passanisi A, Sapienza I, Budello S, Giaimo F. The relationship between guilt, shame and self-efficacy beliefs in middle school students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 197:1013-7. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.295.
- McGraw P. Family first: Your step-by-step plan for creating a phenomenal family. New York: Simon and Schuster; 2004.
- Eisenberg N, VanSchyndel SK, Hofer C. The association of maternal socialization in childhood and adolescence with adult offsprings’ sympathy/caring. Dev psychol. 2015; 51(1):7-16. doi: 10.1037/a0038137.
- Rostami M, Abdi M, Heidari H. Correlation of childhood maltreatment, self-compassion and mental health in married people. Journal of fundamentals of mental health. 2014; 16(61):73-61. [In Persian].
- Yarnell LM, Neff KD. Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity. 2013; 12(2):146-59. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2011.649545.
- Zhang D. Cultural differences in shame and guilt between American and Chinese preschoolers. Master Thesis. Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University; 2011.
- Strauss A. Grounded theory in practice. California, United States: Sage Publication; 1997.
- Cheah CS, Chirkov V. Parents' personal and culturalbeliefs regarding young children: A cross-cultural study of aboriginal and Euro-Canadian mothers. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2008; 39(4):402-23. doi: 10.1177/0022022108318130.
Gall M. Educational research: An introduction. London, England: Pearson; 2006.
- Corbin J. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. California, United States: Sage Publication; 2014.
- Gilbert P. The origins and nature of compassion-focused therapy. Br J Clin Psychol. 2014; 53(1):6-41.
- Tirch D. The ACT practitioner's guide to the science of compassion: Tools for fostering psychological United States: New Harbinger Publications; 2014.
- Coplan RJ, Hastings PD, Lagace Seguin DG, Moulton CE. Authoritative and authoritarian mothers' parenting goals, attributions, and emotions across different childrearing contexts. Parenting. 2002; 2(1):1-26. doi: 10.1207/S15327922PAR0201_1.
- Pourmohseni Koluri F, Tehranizadeh M. An investigation of the role of behavioral-brain systems and perceived parenting styles in students perfectionism. 2015; 23(4):43-54. [In Persian].
- Cheng FK. Compassion-focused therapy: The CBT distinctive features series. Ment Health Relig Cult. 2014; 17(2):219-21. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2012.755617.
- Gottman JM, Katz LF, Howon C. Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. J Fam Psychol. 1996; 10(3):243-68. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243.
)