Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

10.34172/jqr.1461

Abstract

Introduction: Losing a family member in their homeland can pose a unique set of difficulties. The main purpose of this phenomenological qualitative research was to explore the challenges of grief experiences and coping with transnational loss among Afghan Immigrants.
Methods: This qualitative study was carried out using a descriptive phenomenological approach and conducted semi-structured interviews in person with 17 individuals (71.43% Female; Mage = 30.42; SDage = 5.68) who had experienced loss in their destination country until data saturation was reached. The interviews were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method.
Results: Two main themes, “What a troublesome situation!” with two sub-themes and “What is the solution?” with four sub-themes were extracted from the data.
Conclusion: The findings highlighted that service providers and mental health professionals can support individuals dealing with transnational loss by understanding its challenges and coping mechanisms. Cultural sensitivity in providing support can assist immigrants in their healing and adjustment to their new environment.

Keywords

  1. United Nations International Organization for Migration (UNIOM). World Migration Report, 2019. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); 2022. Available from: https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/irn0.
  2. Byelikova Y. Challenges of Ukrainian refugees in Germany: resources for women’s empowerment. Migration and Diversity 2024;3(1):51-69. doi:10.33182/md.v3i1.3221
  3. Bravo V. Coping with dying and deaths at home: how undocumented migrants in the United States experience the process of transnational grieving. Mortality 2017;22(1):33-44. doi:10.1080/13576275.2016.1192590
  4. Killikelly C, Bauer S, Maercker A. The assessment of grief in refugees and post-conflict survivors: a narrative review of etic and emic research. Front Psychol 2018;9:1957. doi:10.3389/ fpsyg.2018.01957
  5. Lipscomb A, Salinas P. The Mis-bereavement of transnational deaths: exploring grief and bereavement experiences among Latinx immigrants in the United States. London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences 2020;20(5):7-15.
  6. Falicov CJ. Migration and the family life cycle. In: The Expanding Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives. Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon; 2011. p. 336-47.
  7. Miller RB, Gonzalez DA. Migrating Latinas and the grief process. In: Strengths and Challenges of New Immigrant Families. Lexington Books; 2009. p. 155-73.
  8. Salinas P. Latino Immigrants Coping with Transnational Deaths [dissertation]. Northridge: California State University; 2019.
  9. Saramo S, Koskinen-Koivisto E, Snellman H. Transnational Death. Finnish Literature Society (SKS); 2019.
  10. Boss P. Ambiguous Loss: Learning to Live with Unresolved Grief. Harvard University Press; 2009.
  11. Crunk AE, Burke LA, Robinson EH. Complicated grief: an evolving theoretical landscape. J Couns Dev 2017;95(2):226- 33. doi:10.1002/jcad.12134
  12. Neimeyer RA. New Techniques of Grief Therapy: Bereavement and Beyond. Routledge; 2021.
  13. Mas Giralt R. Bereavement from afar: transnational grieving and the emotional geographies of migration. Child Geogr 2019;17(5):578-90. doi:10.1080/14733285.2018.1447087
  14. Kokou-Kpolou K, Mbassa Menick D, Moukouta CS, Baugnet L, Kpelly DE. A cross-cultural approach to complicated grief reactions among Togo-Western African immigrants in Europe. J Cross Cult Psychol 2017;48(8):1247-62. doi:10.1177/0022022117721972
  15. Nesteruk O. Immigrants coping with transnational deaths and bereavement: the influence of migratory loss and anticipatory grief. Fam Process 2018;57(4):1012-28. doi:10.1111/ famp.12336
  16. Boss P. Ambiguous loss theory: challenges for scholars and practitioners. Fam Relat 2007;56(2):105-10. doi:10.1111/ j.1741-3729.2007.00444.x
  17. Refugees in Iran. UNHCR; 2024. Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/ir/refugees-in-iran/. Accessed October 10, 2024.
  18. Solheim CA, Ballard J. Ambiguous loss due to separation in voluntary transnational families. J Fam Theory Rev 2016;8(3):341-59. doi:10.1111/jftr.12160
  19. Willig C, Rogers WS. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology. SAGE Publications; 2017.
  20. Willis DG, Sullivan-Bolyai S, Knafl K, Cohen MZ. Distinguishing features and similarities between descriptive phenomenological and qualitative description research. West J Nurs Res 2016;38(9):1185-204. doi:10.1177/0193945916645499
  21. Praveena KR, Sasikumar S. Application of Colaizzi’s method of data analysis in phenomenological research. Med Leg Update 2021;21(2):914-8.
  22. Skrbiš Z. Transnational families: theorising migration, emotions and belonging. J Intercult Stud 2008;29(3):231-46. doi:10.1080/07256860802169188
  23. Djelantik A, de Heus A, Kuiper D, Kleber RJ, Boelen PA, Smid GE. Post-migration stressors and their association with symptom reduction and non-completion during treatment for traumatic grief in refugees. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:407. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00407
  24. Enworo OC. Application of Guba and Lincoln’s parallel criteria to assess trustworthiness of qualitative research on indigenous social protection systems. Qual Res J 2023;23(4):372-84. doi:10.1108/qrj-08-2022-0116
  25. Holmes SM, Castañeda H. Representing the “European refugee crisis” in Germany and beyond: deservingness and difference, life and death. Am Ethnol 2016;43(1):12-24. doi:https://doi. org/10.1111/amet.12259
  26. Young B, Parkes CM, Laungani P. Death and Bereavement Across Cultures. London: Routledge; 1997. p. 191-205.
  27. Aggarwal NK, Glass A, Tirado A, Boiler M, Nicasio A, Alegría M, et al. The development of the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview-Fidelity Instrument (CFI-FI): a pilot study. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2014;25(3):1397-417. doi:10.1353/ hpu.2014.0132